通过CentOS 7从零开始学习Linux及常见问题

本文将通过CentOS 7来学习Linux的以下常用知识：

Linux网络设置
SSH常用配置和使用方法
Linux常用服务
- Crontab定时任务
- NTP时间同步
- Logrotate日志切割
- Supervisor进程管理
Linux常用命令
Linux中的防火墙配置方法
使用Apache配置Web服务器
使用Nginx配置Web服务器
MySQL的安装及常用操作
Linux中的常见问题
Memcached和Redis缓存
Git的配置和使用
PHP安装及配置
- Lavarel的安装及配置
- Yii的安装及配置
- ThinkPHP的安装及配置
- phpMyAdmin的安装及配置
- phpRedisAdmin的安装及配置
Java环境搭建
- Tomcat搭建和启用
- Maven使用示例
Python运行环境配置
- Flask
- Django
- Scrapy
Zabbix监控系统安装配置
VirtualBox 设置共享文件夹
开启BBR加速

网络设置

#查看
nmcli d
#打开NetworkManager在图形化界面配置网卡
nmtui
#命令行手动配置，如采用DHCP只需将以下文件中的ONBOOT改为yes
vi /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-*** # ifcfg-enp0s3
# 配置固定IP则需进行更多的设置：
BOOTPROTO=static
IPADDR=192.168.0.11
NETMASK=255.255.255.0
GATEWAY=192.168.0.1

#重启网络
/etc/init.d/network restart
# 注：如果使用VirtualBox构建本地虚拟机，请在设置中开始桥接模式，否则无法连接外网
#查看IP地址信息
ifconfig  # yum install net-tools
ip addr

#修改HOSTNAME
hostnamectl set-hostname ***

#查看

nmcli d

#打开NetworkManager在图形化界面配置网卡

nmtui

#命令行手动配置，如采用DHCP只需将以下文件中的ONBOOT改为yes

vi /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-*** # ifcfg-enp0s3

# 配置固定IP则需进行更多的设置：

BOOTPROTO=static

IPADDR=192.168.0.11

NETMASK=255.255.255.0

GATEWAY=192.168.0.1

#重启网络

/etc/init.d/network restart

# 注：如果使用VirtualBox构建本地虚拟机，请在设置中开始桥接模式，否则无法连接外网

#查看IP地址信息

ifconfig # yum install net-tools

ip addr

#修改HOSTNAME

hostnamectl set-hostname ***

替换默认源：http://mirrors.163.com/.help/centos.html

yum install wget -y
mv /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo.backup
cd /etc/yum.repos.d/
wget -O /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo http://mirrors.aliyun.com/repo/Centos-7.repo
# wget http://mirrors.163.com/.help/CentOS7-Base-163.repo
yum clean all
yum makecache

yum install wget -y

mv /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo.backup

cd /etc/yum.repos.d/

wget -O /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo http://mirrors.aliyun.com/repo/Centos-7.repo

# wget http://mirrors.163.com/.help/CentOS7-Base-163.repo

yum clean all

yum makecache

SSH

# 服务端和客户端通常默认都已安装
# 安装服务端
yum install openssh-server
# 启动服务
service sshd start
# 开机自启动
chkconfig sshd on
# 安装客户端
yum install openssh-clients
# 配置文件
vi ~/.ssh/config
# 配置内容参考 
host "alan"
	Hostname 192.168.0,5
	User root
	Port 22
	IdentityFile ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub
	IdentitiesOnly yes

host "alan2"
	....

# 此时可通过ssh alan来进行连接

# 免密登陆配置(SSH Key)，Mac方法相同，Windows可使用Xshell来生成公钥和私钥
ssh-keygen -t rsa # 默认直接输入ssh-keygen即彩用此算法
# 另一种算法ssh-keygen -t dsa
# 执行完成后会同时生成一个私钥和一个公钥（.pub）
# 公钥内容拷贝到目标服务器的以下文件中
~/.ssh/authorized_keys
# Linux默认不能进行免密登录，需执行
ssh-add alan_rsa # 与生成私钥时使用的名称相同
# 若出现Could not open a connection to your authentication agent.报错，请先执行
ssh-agent bash
# 此时执行 ssh root@xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx即可免密登录目标服务器

# 其它安全配置，如修改默认的端口22，修改文件：
/etc/ssh/sshd_config

# 服务端和客户端通常默认都已安装

# 安装服务端

yum install openssh-server

# 启动服务

service sshd start

# 开机自启动

chkconfig sshd on

# 安装客户端

yum install openssh-clients

# 配置文件

vi ~/.ssh/config

# 配置内容参考

host "alan"

Hostname 192.168.0,5

User root

Port 22

IdentityFile ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub

IdentitiesOnly yes

host "alan2"

....

# 此时可通过ssh alan来进行连接

# 免密登陆配置(SSH Key)，Mac方法相同，Windows可使用Xshell来生成公钥和私钥

ssh-keygen -t rsa # 默认直接输入ssh-keygen即彩用此算法

# 另一种算法ssh-keygen -t dsa

# 执行完成后会同时生成一个私钥和一个公钥（.pub）

# 公钥内容拷贝到目标服务器的以下文件中

~/.ssh/authorized_keys

# Linux默认不能进行免密登录，需执行

ssh-add alan_rsa # 与生成私钥时使用的名称相同

# 若出现Could not open a connection to your authentication agent.报错，请先执行

ssh-agent bash

# 此时执行 ssh root@xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx即可免密登录目标服务器

# 其它安全配置，如修改默认的端口22，修改文件：

/etc/ssh/sshd_config

常用命令

w或top查看负载，load average后的三个数字分别为最近1分钟、最近5分钟和最近15分种的负载值，生产环境一般认为0.6-0.7为报警阀值（预留部分就对突发）

# 查看CPU信息
cat /proc/cpuinfo
fdisk
free -m # 查看内存
df -h # 查看磁盘空间

# 基础命令
yum install/remove/search/info # 安装、删除、搜索、软件包信息
yum list # 查看已安装
yum clean packages # 清理缓存
ls/touch/mkdir/cd # 查看文件、新建文件、创建目录(-p)、切换目录
rm/cp/mv/pwd # 删除、复制、移动文件或目录、查看当前目录
tail/head/cat/more/less # 读取文件
grep/find/wc # 搜索关键字、查找文件、统计个数
useradd/adduser/userdel/passwd # 添加用户、删除用户、设置密码
tar -tvf # 查看tar包内的内容

# 提权和文件上传下载
sudo
sudo su -
visudo # 提权配置，一般不建议直接用root操作，以用户alan为例，添加如下行
%alan   ALL=(ALL)       ALL

wget/curl -o #下载
scp #上传、下载
yum install lrzsz # rz/sz命令用于上传下载

# vim常用命令
gg/G/yy/p/dd/u # 移到文首、文尾、复制、粘贴、删除行、撤销

# 常用命令组合
ps -ef | grep # 查看进程
netstat -anpl | grep # 查看网络端口占用情况

# 查看CPU信息

cat /proc/cpuinfo

fdisk

free -m # 查看内存

df -h # 查看磁盘空间

# 基础命令

yum install/remove/search/info # 安装、删除、搜索、软件包信息

yum list # 查看已安装

yum clean packages # 清理缓存

ls/touch/mkdir/cd # 查看文件、新建文件、创建目录(-p)、切换目录

rm/cp/mv/pwd # 删除、复制、移动文件或目录、查看当前目录

tail/head/cat/more/less # 读取文件

grep/find/wc # 搜索关键字、查找文件、统计个数

useradd/adduser/userdel/passwd # 添加用户、删除用户、设置密码

tar -tvf # 查看tar包内的内容

# 提权和文件上传下载

sudo

sudo su -

visudo # 提权配置，一般不建议直接用root操作，以用户alan为例，添加如下行

%alan ALL=(ALL) ALL

wget/curl -o #下载

scp #上传、下载

yum install lrzsz # rz/sz命令用于上传下载

# vim常用命令

gg/G/yy/p/dd/u # 移到文首、文尾、复制、粘贴、删除行、撤销

# 常用命令组合

ps -ef | grep # 查看进程

netstat -anpl | grep # 查看网络端口占用情况

常用服务

Crontab

# 编辑定时任务
crontab -e
# 如每分钟执行一个命令
*/1 * * * *  xxx >> /tmp/xxx.log
# 查看定时任务
crontab -l

# 编辑定时任务

crontab -e

# 如每分钟执行一个命令

*/1 * * * * xxx >> /tmp/xxx.log

# 查看定时任务

crontab -l

NTP

sudo yum -y install ntp
# 更新时间
sudo ntpdate cn.pool.ntp.org
# 修改为本地时区
sudo rm /etc/localtime
sudo ln -s /usr/share/zoneinfo/Asia/Shanghai /etc/localtime
# 添加定时任务更新时间
sudo su -
*/30 * * * * ntpdate cn.pool.ntp.org

sudo yum -y install ntp

# 更新时间

sudo ntpdate cn.pool.ntp.org

# 修改为本地时区

sudo rm /etc/localtime

sudo ln -s /usr/share/zoneinfo/Asia/Shanghai /etc/localtime

# 添加定时任务更新时间

sudo su -

*/30 * * * * ntpdate cn.pool.ntp.org

Logrotate

# 日志切割工具，以Nginx为例
cat /etc/logrotate.d/nginx 

/var/log/nginx/*.log {
# 转储周期
        daily
        missingok
# 日志保留时间
        rotate 52
        compress
        delaycompress
        notifempty
        create 640 nginx adm
        sharedscripts
        postrotate
                if [ -f /var/run/nginx.pid ]; then
                        kill -USR1 `cat /var/run/nginx.pid`
                fi
        endscript
}

# 切割预演（不加参数-d直接执行）
cd /var/log/nginx
sudo logrotate -d /etc/logrotate.d/nginx

# 日志切割工具，以Nginx为例

cat /etc/logrotate.d/nginx

/var/log/nginx/*.log {

# 转储周期

daily

missingok

# 日志保留时间

rotate 52

compress

delaycompress

notifempty

create 640 nginx adm

sharedscripts

postrotate

if [ -f /var/run/nginx.pid ]; then

kill -USR1 `cat /var/run/nginx.pid`

endscript

}

# 切割预演（不加参数-d直接执行）

cd /var/log/nginx

sudo logrotate -d /etc/logrotate.d/nginx

Supervisor

sudo pip install supervisor
sudo mkdir /etc/supervisor
# 创建配置文件
sudo echo_supervisord_conf > /etc/supervisor/supervisord.conf
# 将该文件末尾修改为
[include]
files = /etc/supervisor/conf.d/*.ini

sudo mkdir /etc/supervisor/conf.d
cd /etc/supervisor/conf.d

sudo vim redis.ini
[program:redis]
command=/usr/local/bin/redis-server
autostart=true
autorestart=true
startsecs=3


# 启动服务
supervisord -c /etc/supervisor/supervisord.conf 
sudo supervisorctl
# 在该命令窗口中即可执行如下的操作
stop redis
start redis

sudo pip install supervisor

sudo mkdir /etc/supervisor

# 创建配置文件

sudo echo_supervisord_conf > /etc/supervisor/supervisord.conf

# 将该文件末尾修改为

[include]

files = /etc/supervisor/conf.d/*.ini

sudo mkdir /etc/supervisor/conf.d

cd /etc/supervisor/conf.d

sudo vim redis.ini

[program:redis]

command=/usr/local/bin/redis-server

autostart=true

autorestart=true

startsecs=3

# 启动服务

supervisord -c /etc/supervisor/supervisord.conf

sudo supervisorctl

# 在该命令窗口中即可执行如下的操作

stop redis

start redis

防火墙

# 通常默认已安装
yum install firewalld
systemctl start|status|stop|disable firewalld.service

firewall-cmd --version|--state|--get-zones|--list-all-zone|--zone-public
firewall-cmd --list-ports|--add-service|--remove-service|--query-service|--add-port

# SELinux
/etc/selinux/config # 配置文件
setenforce 0 # permissive
setenforce 1 # enforcing
getenforce # 查看状态

# 通常默认已安装

yum install firewalld

systemctl start|status|stop|disable firewalld.service

firewall-cmd --version|--state|--get-zones|--list-all-zone|--zone-public

firewall-cmd --list-ports|--add-service|--remove-service|--query-service|--add-port

# SELinux

/etc/selinux/config # 配置文件

setenforce 0 # permissive

setenforce 1 # enforcing

getenforce # 查看状态

Apache

yum install httpd # 安装
systemctl start|stop|restart httpd.service

# 如无法访问可通过关闭防火墙或执行以下任一操作
sudo firewall-cmd --add-port 80/tcp --permanent
sudo firewall-cmd --add-service http --permanent
# 常见配置（可在/etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf中直接配置或在该文件中加入Include vhost.d/*.conf，然后在vhost.d文件夹中添加配置文件）
<VirtualHost *:80>
        ServerName www.alanhou.org
        ServerAlias alanhou.org
        DocumentRoot /var/www/html
        <Directory /var/www/html>
                Options Indexes FollowSymLinks 
                AllowOverride None
                Require all granted
# 重定向配置，通常放在网站根目录的.htaccess文件中
                <IfModule mod_rewrite.c>
                        RewriteEngine on
                        RewriteRule ^(.*).html$ index.php
                </IfModule>
        </Directory>
</VirtualHost>

# 语法检查
apachectl configtest

yum install httpd # 安装

systemctl start|stop|restart httpd.service

# 如无法访问可通过关闭防火墙或执行以下任一操作

sudo firewall-cmd --add-port 80/tcp --permanent

sudo firewall-cmd --add-service http --permanent

# 常见配置（可在/etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf中直接配置或在该文件中加入Include vhost.d/*.conf，然后在vhost.d文件夹中添加配置文件）

ServerName www.alanhou.org

ServerAlias alanhou.org

DocumentRoot /var/www/html

Options Indexes FollowSymLinks

AllowOverride None

Require all granted

# 重定向配置，通常放在网站根目录的.htaccess文件中

RewriteEngine on

RewriteRule ^(.*).html$ index.php

</IfModule>

</Directory>

</VirtualHost>

# 语法检查

apachectl configtest

Nginx

更多关于Nginx的学习，请参见Nginx完整学习笔记(CentOS 7)

日志字段说明

# 添加yum源
sudo rpm -Uvh http://nginx.org/packages/centos/7/noarch/RPMS/nginx-release-centos-7-0.el7.ngx.noarch.rpm
yum install nginx # 安装
systemctl start|stop|enable|restart|reload nginx # 线上通常用reload

# 常见配置，在etc/nginx/conf.d下添加配置文件
server {
  listen       80;
  server_name  www.alanhou.org alanhou.org;
  root         /var/www/html;
  index index.html index.htm;
  # 在/etc/nginx/nginx.conf中定义日志格式，如alan
  # 示例：  log_format  alan  '$remote_addr - "$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';
  # 日志指定
  access_log  /var/log/nginx/alan_access.log  alan;

  location / {
    # 伪静态指定
    rewrite ^(.*)\.html$ /index.php
  }
}


# 反向代理 
upstream alan_hosts{
  server your.ip.address:80;
}
server {
...
  location / {
    # proxy_set_header Host mydomain.com;
    proxy_pass http://alan_hosts;
  }
  # 或者针对不同链接进行不同的配置
  location /newlink {
    proxy_pass http://your.ip.address:port;
  }
}


# 负载均衡
upstream alan_hosts{
# 多台服务器根据权重轮询访问
  server your.ip.address:80 weight=10;
  server your.ip.address1:80 weight=5;
}
server {
...
  location / {
    # proxy_set_header Host mydomain.com;
    proxy_pass http://alan_hosts;
  }
}

# 单行调试
server {
  listen       80;
  # 日志调试功能
  add_header Content-Type "text/plain; charset=utf-8"; 
  return 200 "$http_host";
...
}

# 添加yum源

sudo rpm -Uvh http://nginx.org/packages/centos/7/noarch/RPMS/nginx-release-centos-7-0.el7.ngx.noarch.rpm

yum install nginx # 安装

systemctl start|stop|enable|restart|reload nginx # 线上通常用reload

# 常见配置，在etc/nginx/conf.d下添加配置文件

server {

listen 80;

server_name www.alanhou.org alanhou.org;

root /var/www/html;

index index.html index.htm;

# 在/etc/nginx/nginx.conf中定义日志格式，如alan

# 示例： log_format alan '$remote_addr - "$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';

# 日志指定

access_log /var/log/nginx/alan_access.log alan;

location / {

# 伪静态指定

rewrite ^(.*)\.html$ /index.php

}

# 反向代理

upstream alan_hosts{

server your.ip.address:80;

}

server {

...

location / {

# proxy_set_header Host mydomain.com;

proxy_pass http://alan_hosts;

}

# 或者针对不同链接进行不同的配置

location /newlink {

proxy_pass http://your.ip.address:port;

}

# 负载均衡

upstream alan_hosts{

# 多台服务器根据权重轮询访问

server your.ip.address:80 weight=10;

server your.ip.address1:80 weight=5;

}

server {

...

location / {

# proxy_set_header Host mydomain.com;

proxy_pass http://alan_hosts;

}

# 单行调试

server {

listen 80;

# 日志调试功能

add_header Content-Type "text/plain; charset=utf-8";

return 200 "$http_host";

...

}

MySQL

MySQL数据库中的常见问题参见MySQL常见问题

# CentOS 7默认安装mariadb数据库,先进行删除
sudo yum remove mariadb-libs.x86_64 -y
#下载MySQL源：http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/repo/yum/ 

sudo wget https://dev.mysql.com/get/mysql57-community-release-el7-11.noarch.rpm
sudo yum localinstall mysql57-community-release-el7-11.noarch.rpm -y     
sudo yum install mysql-community-server -y
# 启动服务
sudo systemctl start mysqld
# 查找默认密码
cat /var/log/mysqld.log|grep "password"
# 修改密码,通过mysql -uroot -p进入MySQL命令行
SET PASSWORD FOR 'root'@'localhost'=PASSWORD('xxxxxx');
# 在设置密码过程中如反复提示密码过度简单且不需要设置复杂密码执行
set global validate_password_policy=0;
set global validate_password_length=1;

# 远程连接
use mysql;
# %可以修改为指定IP（此时单独增加一条记录），root可更改为对应用户
UPDATE user SET Host = '%' WHERE Host = 'localhost' AND User = 'root';
FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
# 无法连接可能关闭防火墙或执行如下任一操作
sudo firewall-cmd --add-service mysql --permanent
sudo firewall-cmd --add-port 3306/tcp --permanent

# 创建用户
create user 'alan'@'%' identified by '123456';
# 赋予权限select, update, insert, delete
grant all privileges on *.* to 'alan'@'%' identified by '123456';
# 收回权限
revoke insert, delete on *.* from alan;
# 执行上述命令后进行刷新
FLUSH PRIVILEGES;


# 开启general log(MySQL命令行）用于查看数据库操作
set global general_log_file="/tmp/general.log";
set global general_log=on; # 关闭赋值off

# 忘记root密码
sudo vim /etc/my.cnf
# 在文件中加入
skip-grant-tables
# 重启MySQL
sudo systemctl restart mysqld
# 直接使用mysql -uroot -p无需输入密码进入命令终端
use mysql;
UPDATE user SET authentication_string=password('******') WHERE user='root';
FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
# 删除前面加入的skip-grant-tables并重启MySQL服务

# CentOS 7默认安装mariadb数据库,先进行删除

sudo yum remove mariadb-libs.x86_64 -y

#下载MySQL源：http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/repo/yum/

sudo wget https://dev.mysql.com/get/mysql57-community-release-el7-11.noarch.rpm

sudo yum localinstall mysql57-community-release-el7-11.noarch.rpm -y

sudo yum install mysql-community-server -y

# 启动服务

sudo systemctl start mysqld

# 查找默认密码

cat /var/log/mysqld.log|grep "password"

# 修改密码,通过mysql -uroot -p进入MySQL命令行

SET PASSWORD FOR 'root'@'localhost'=PASSWORD('xxxxxx');

# 在设置密码过程中如反复提示密码过度简单且不需要设置复杂密码执行

set global validate_password_policy=0;

set global validate_password_length=1;

# 远程连接

use mysql;

# %可以修改为指定IP（此时单独增加一条记录），root可更改为对应用户

UPDATE user SET Host = '%' WHERE Host = 'localhost' AND User = 'root';

FLUSH PRIVILEGES;

# 无法连接可能关闭防火墙或执行如下任一操作

sudo firewall-cmd --add-service mysql --permanent

sudo firewall-cmd --add-port 3306/tcp --permanent

# 创建用户

create user 'alan'@'%' identified by '123456';

# 赋予权限select, update, insert, delete

grant all privileges on *.* to 'alan'@'%' identified by '123456';

# 收回权限

revoke insert, delete on *.* from alan;

# 执行上述命令后进行刷新

FLUSH PRIVILEGES;

# 开启general log(MySQL命令行）用于查看数据库操作

set global general_log_file="/tmp/general.log";

set global general_log=on; # 关闭赋值off

# 忘记root密码

sudo vim /etc/my.cnf

# 在文件中加入

skip-grant-tables

# 重启MySQL

sudo systemctl restart mysqld

# 直接使用mysql -uroot -p无需输入密码进入命令终端

use mysql;

UPDATE user SET authentication_string=password('******') WHERE user='root';

FLUSH PRIVILEGES;

# 删除前面加入的skip-grant-tables并重启MySQL服务

远程链接工具

Memcached

# 安装
sudo yum -y install memcached 
# 启动 
memcached -d|-l|-m|-p
# 查看端口号(可查询默认端口号为11211
netstat -anpl | grep memcached
# 安装telnet
sudo yum install telnet.*
# 通过telnet连接Memcached
telnet 127.0.0.1 11211
# 定义键值对
set alan 0 60 10 # 其中alan为键名，0为flag,60为定义的时间长度（秒），10为存储字节数
helloworld # 值
get alan # 获取对应键名的值
delete alan # 删除缓存中对应的键值对
quit # 退出连接

# 安装

sudo yum -y install memcached

# 启动

memcached -d|-l|-m|-p

# 查看端口号(可查询默认端口号为11211

netstat -anpl | grep memcached

# 安装telnet

sudo yum install telnet.*

# 通过telnet连接Memcached

telnet 127.0.0.1 11211

# 定义键值对

set alan 0 60 10 # 其中alan为键名，0为flag,60为定义的时间长度（秒），10为存储字节数

helloworld # 值

get alan # 获取对应键名的值

delete alan # 删除缓存中对应的键值对

quit # 退出连接

Redis

Redis除了支持Key/Value类型的数据，还提供list, set, hash等数据结构的存储，并支持Master-Slave模式的数据备份以数据持久化（把内存中的数据保存在磁盘中）

# 安装，进入Redis官网获取最新稳定版链接
wget http://download.redis.io/releases/redis-4.0.9.tar.gz
tar -zxvf redis-4.0.9.tar.gz
cd redis-4.0.9
# 解决/bin/sh: cc: command not found
sudo yum -y install gcc 
# 解决fatal error: jemalloc/jemalloc.h
sudo make MALLOC=libc
# 补充，执行如下步骤自动安装到系统
sudo ./utils/install_server.sh
# 所有都选默认，仅修改：Please select the redis executable path [] /usr/local/bin/redis-server
# 启动
cd src
./redis-server
# 客户端（新开窗口，同样在src目录下操作）
./redis-cli
# 在客户端的操作
set alan helloworld # 设置键值对
get alan # 获取对应键名的值
del alan # 删除键值对
# 列表
LPUSH alan_list python # 向列表中添加值
LPUSH alan_list php
LPUSH alan_list java
LRANGE alan_list 0 2 # 此处0代表列表的起始下标，2代表列表的终结下标
quit # 退出
# Redis默认端口是6379，telnet连接方式
telnet 127.0.0.1 6379
# 其它
redis-benchmark # 性能测试工具
redis-check-aof # 数据修复工具
redis-check-dump # 检查导出工具

# 安装，进入Redis官网获取最新稳定版链接

wget http://download.redis.io/releases/redis-4.0.9.tar.gz

tar -zxvf redis-4.0.9.tar.gz

cd redis-4.0.9

# 解决/bin/sh: cc: command not found

sudo yum -y install gcc

# 解决fatal error: jemalloc/jemalloc.h

sudo make MALLOC=libc

# 补充，执行如下步骤自动安装到系统

sudo ./utils/install_server.sh

# 所有都选默认，仅修改：Please select the redis executable path [] /usr/local/bin/redis-server

# 启动

cd src

./redis-server

# 客户端（新开窗口，同样在src目录下操作）

./redis-cli

# 在客户端的操作

set alan helloworld # 设置键值对

get alan # 获取对应键名的值

del alan # 删除键值对

# 列表

LPUSH alan_list python # 向列表中添加值

LPUSH alan_list php

LPUSH alan_list java

LRANGE alan_list 0 2 # 此处0代表列表的起始下标，2代表列表的终结下标

quit # 退出

# Redis默认端口是6379，telnet连接方式

telnet 127.0.0.1 6379

# 其它

redis-benchmark # 性能测试工具

redis-check-aof # 数据修复工具

redis-check-dump # 检查导出工具

Git

相关文章：如何使用配置GitHub

# 安装
sudo yum -y install git
# 远程仓库
# 1.在Git平台（如GitHub）的设置中放入公钥
# 生成公钥
cd ~/.ssh 
ssh-keygen
# 将.pub的内容拷贝到该平台上

# 安装

sudo yum -y install git

# 远程仓库

# 1.在Git平台（如GitHub）的设置中放入公钥

# 生成公钥

cd ~/.ssh

ssh-keygen

# 将.pub的内容拷贝到该平台上

# 2.平台上新建或已有仓库，在本地克隆
git clone git@github.com:xxx/xxx.git
# 查看源地址
git remote -v
# 配置Git账号
git config --global user.email "you@example.com"
git config --global user.name "Your Name"
# 4.在本地进行文件编辑并进行commit
git commit -am '1st local edit'
# 5.上传到Git
git push origin master:master
# 6.在平台上对文件进行编辑，再在本地进行更新
git fetch
# 合并
git rebase origin/master

# 本地仓库
# 1.创建相关文件，进入文件夹
git init
git add .
git commit -am "1st commit"
# 添加远程仓库
git remote add origin git@github.com:xxx/xxx.git
# 拉取README文件
git fetch
git rebase origin/master
git push origin master:master


# git命令自动补全配置
git clone https://github.com/git/git
# 文件查看地址：https://github.com/git/git/blob/master/contrib/completion/git-completion.bash
cp git-completion.bash ~/.git-completion.bash
sudo vi ~/.bashrc
# 添加内容
if [ -f ~/.git-completion.bash ]; then
        source ~/.git-completion.bash
fi
# 此时即可使用自动补全，如未重新进入请执行source ~/.bashrc

# 2.平台上新建或已有仓库，在本地克隆

git clone git@github.com:xxx/xxx.git

# 查看源地址

git remote -v

# 配置Git账号

git config --global user.email "you@example.com"

git config --global user.name "Your Name"

# 4.在本地进行文件编辑并进行commit

git commit -am '1st local edit'

# 5.上传到Git

git push origin master:master

# 6.在平台上对文件进行编辑，再在本地进行更新

git fetch

# 合并

git rebase origin/master

# 本地仓库

# 1.创建相关文件，进入文件夹

git init

git add .

git commit -am "1st commit"

# 添加远程仓库

git remote add origin git@github.com:xxx/xxx.git

# 拉取README文件

git fetch

git rebase origin/master

git push origin master:master

# git命令自动补全配置

git clone https://github.com/git/git

# 文件查看地址：https://github.com/git/git/blob/master/contrib/completion/git-completion.bash

cp git-completion.bash ~/.git-completion.bash

sudo vi ~/.bashrc

# 添加内容

if [ -f ~/.git-completion.bash ]; then

source ~/.git-completion.bash

# 此时即可使用自动补全，如未重新进入请执行source ~/.bashrc

PHP

CentOS 7默认PHP版本为5.4

# 若已安装旧版本需进行删除
yum list installed | grep php
yum remove php.x86_64 ...
# 安装
sudo rpm -Uvh https://mirror.webtatic.com/yum/el7/epel-release.rpm
sudo rpm -Uvh https://mirror.webtatic.com/yum/el7/webtatic-release.rpm
# 选择版本进行安装 yum search php
sudo yum -y install php72w-fpm
# 安装PHP扩展
yum -y install php72w php72w-cli php72w-common php72w-devel php72w-embedded php72w-gd php72w-mbstring php72w-mysqlnd php72w-opcache php72w-pdo php72w-xml# 查询版本
php -v

# 若已安装旧版本需进行删除

yum list installed | grep php

yum remove php.x86_64 ...

# 安装

sudo rpm -Uvh https://mirror.webtatic.com/yum/el7/epel-release.rpm

sudo rpm -Uvh https://mirror.webtatic.com/yum/el7/webtatic-release.rpm

# 选择版本进行安装 yum search php

sudo yum -y install php72w-fpm

# 安装PHP扩展

yum -y install php72w php72w-cli php72w-common php72w-devel php72w-embedded php72w-gd php72w-mbstring php72w-mysqlnd php72w-opcache php72w-pdo php72w-xml# 查询版本

php -v

以下各框架的安装均假设在/etc/hosts(Mac)或/windows/system32/drivers/etc/hosts.txt中对域名进行了本地化配置

Laravel

# 安装composer
cd /tmp
curl -sS https://getcomposer.org/installer | php
sudo mv composer.phar /usr/local/bin/composer
# 安装Laravel
cd /var/www
sudo /usr/local/bin/composer create-project --prefer-dist laravel/laravel laravel

# PHP Fatal error:  require(): Failed opening required '/var/www/laravel/public/../vendor/autoload.php'
composer dump-autoload

# PHP Fatal error:  Uncaught Error: Class 'Illuminate\Foundation\Application' not found in /var/www/laravel/bootstrap/app.php:14
composer update --no-scripts

sudo systemctl start php-fpm
sudo vim sudo vim /etc/nginx/conf.d/laravel.conf

# 配置内容
server {
  listen       80;
  server_name  laravel.alan.demo;
  root         /var/www/laravel/public;
  index index.php index.html;
  access_log  /var/log/nginx/laravel_access.log  alan;
  location / {
        try_files $uri $uri/ /index.php?$args;
  }
  location ~ \.php$ {
        include fastcgi_params;
        fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
        fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
        try_files $uri =404;
  }
}

# RuntimeException No application encryption key has been specified.
php artisan key:generate

chmod -R 777 /var/www/laravel/storage/logs/
chmod -R 777 /var/www/laravel/bootstrap/cache
chmod -R 777 /var/www/laravel/storage/framework/views/

# 安装composer

cd /tmp

curl -sS https://getcomposer.org/installer | php

sudo mv composer.phar /usr/local/bin/composer

# 安装Laravel

cd /var/www

sudo /usr/local/bin/composer create-project --prefer-dist laravel/laravel laravel

# PHP Fatal error: require(): Failed opening required '/var/www/laravel/public/../vendor/autoload.php'

composer dump-autoload

# PHP Fatal error: Uncaught Error: Class 'Illuminate\Foundation\Application' not found in /var/www/laravel/bootstrap/app.php:14

composer update --no-scripts

sudo systemctl start php-fpm

sudo vim sudo vim /etc/nginx/conf.d/laravel.conf

# 配置内容

server {

listen 80;

server_name laravel.alan.demo;

root /var/www/laravel/public;

index index.php index.html;

access_log /var/log/nginx/laravel_access.log alan;

location / {

try_files $uri $uri/ /index.php?$args;

}

location ~ \.php$ {

include fastcgi_params;

fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;

fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;

try_files $uri =404;

}

# RuntimeException No application encryption key has been specified.

php artisan key:generate

chmod -R 777 /var/www/laravel/storage/logs/

chmod -R 777 /var/www/laravel/bootstrap/cache

chmod -R 777 /var/www/laravel/storage/framework/views/

访问http://laravel.alan.demo:

通过CentOS 7从零开始学习Linux及常见问题

Yii 2

Yii框架常见问题

Yii框架学习笔记

# <a href="http://www.yiichina.com/download" target="_blank">Yii官网</a>找到下载链接
cd /var/www
sudo wget https://github.com/yiisoft/yii2/releases/download/2.0.15/yii-basic-app-2.0.15.tgz
sudo tar -xzvf yii-basic-app-2.0.15.tgz 
sudo mv base yii2

cd /etc/nginx/conf.d/
sudo cp laravel.conf yii2.conf
# 根据Laravel的配置文件进行部分修改即可
server {
  listen       80;
  server_name  yii2.alan.demo;
  root         /var/www/yii2/web;
  index index.php index.html index.htm;
  access_log  /var/log/nginx/yii2_access.log  alan;
  location / {
    try_files $uri $uri/ /index.php?$query_string;
  }
  location ~ \.php$ {
        include fastcgi_params;
        fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
        fastcgi_index index.php;
        fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
        try_files $uri =404;
  }
}

sudo systemctl reload nginx
# yii\web\Request::cookieValidationKey must be configured with a secret key.

sudo vim /var/www/yii2/config/web.php 
# 为'cookieValidationKey'后配置上值

# <a href="http://www.yiichina.com/download" target="_blank">Yii官网</a>找到下载链接

cd /var/www

sudo wget https://github.com/yiisoft/yii2/releases/download/2.0.15/yii-basic-app-2.0.15.tgz

sudo tar -xzvf yii-basic-app-2.0.15.tgz

sudo mv base yii2

cd /etc/nginx/conf.d/

sudo cp laravel.conf yii2.conf

# 根据Laravel的配置文件进行部分修改即可

server {

listen 80;

server_name yii2.alan.demo;

root /var/www/yii2/web;

index index.php index.html index.htm;

access_log /var/log/nginx/yii2_access.log alan;

location / {

try_files $uri $uri/ /index.php?$query_string;

}

location ~ \.php$ {

include fastcgi_params;

fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;

fastcgi_index index.php;

fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;

try_files $uri =404;

}

sudo systemctl reload nginx

# yii\web\Request::cookieValidationKey must be configured with a secret key.

sudo vim /var/www/yii2/config/web.php

# 为'cookieValidationKey'后配置上值

访问http://yii2.alan.demo:

通过CentOS 7从零开始学习Linux及常见问题

ThinkPHP 5

相关文章：ThinkPHP 5小知识和常见问题

# <a href="http://www.thinkphp.cn/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">ThinkPHP官网</a>下载安装包，并上传至/var/www/thinkphp
sudo yum -y install unzip 
unzip thinkphp_5.0.16.zip

cd /etc/nginx/conf.d/
sudo cp laravel.conf thinkphp.conf
# 根据Laravel的配置文件进行部分修改即可
server {
  listen       80;
  server_name  thinkphp.alan.demo;
  root         /var/www/thinkphp/public;
  index index.php index.html index.htm;
  access_log  /var/log/nginx/thinkphp_access.log  alan;
  location / {
    try_files $uri $uri/ /index.php?$query_string;
  }
  location ~ \.php$ {
        include fastcgi_params;
        fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
        fastcgi_index index.php;
        fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
        try_files $uri =404;
  }
}

# 确保php-fpm, nginx启动即可在浏览器中进行访问

# <a href="http://www.thinkphp.cn/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">ThinkPHP官网</a>下载安装包，并上传至/var/www/thinkphp

sudo yum -y install unzip

unzip thinkphp_5.0.16.zip

cd /etc/nginx/conf.d/

sudo cp laravel.conf thinkphp.conf

# 根据Laravel的配置文件进行部分修改即可

server {

listen 80;

server_name thinkphp.alan.demo;

root /var/www/thinkphp/public;

index index.php index.html index.htm;

access_log /var/log/nginx/thinkphp_access.log alan;

location / {

try_files $uri $uri/ /index.php?$query_string;

}

location ~ \.php$ {

include fastcgi_params;

fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;

fastcgi_index index.php;

fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;

try_files $uri =404;

}

# 确保php-fpm, nginx启动即可在浏览器中进行访问

访问http://thinkphp.alan.demo:

通过CentOS 7从零开始学习Linux及常见问题

phpMyAdmin

cd /var/www
# 进入phpMyAdmin官网查找最新版链接 
sudo wget https://files.phpmyadmin.net/phpMyAdmin/4.7.9/phpMyAdmin-4.7.9-all-languages.zip
sudo unzip phpMyAdmin-4.7.9-all-languages.zip
sudo mv phpMyAdmin-4.7.9-all-languages/ phpmyadmin

cd /etc/nginx/conf.d/
sudo cp laravel.conf phpmyadmin.conf
# 根据Laravel的配置文件进行部分修改即可
server {
  listen       80;
  server_name  phpmyadmin.alan.demo;
  root         /var/www/phpmyadmin;
  index index.php index.html index.htm;
  access_log  /var/log/nginx/phpmyadmin_access.log  alan;
  location / {
    try_files $uri $uri/ /index.php?$query_string;
  }
  location ~ \.php$ {
        include fastcgi_params;
        fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
        fastcgi_index index.php;
        fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
        try_files $uri =404;
  }
}

cd /var/www

# 进入phpMyAdmin官网查找最新版链接

sudo wget https://files.phpmyadmin.net/phpMyAdmin/4.7.9/phpMyAdmin-4.7.9-all-languages.zip

sudo unzip phpMyAdmin-4.7.9-all-languages.zip

sudo mv phpMyAdmin-4.7.9-all-languages/ phpmyadmin

cd /etc/nginx/conf.d/

sudo cp laravel.conf phpmyadmin.conf

# 根据Laravel的配置文件进行部分修改即可

server {

listen 80;

server_name phpmyadmin.alan.demo;

root /var/www/phpmyadmin;

index index.php index.html index.htm;

access_log /var/log/nginx/phpmyadmin_access.log alan;

location / {

try_files $uri $uri/ /index.php?$query_string;

}

location ~ \.php$ {

include fastcgi_params;

fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;

fastcgi_index index.php;

fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;

try_files $uri =404;

}

# 允许连接远程数据库
sudo vim /var/www/phpmyadmin/libraries/config.default.php
$cfg['AllowArbitraryServer'] = true;

# 配置多服务器
# 将根目录下的config.sample.inc.php复制出一份config.inc.php，可以发现文件中有：
$i = 0;

/**
 * First server
 */
$i++;
/* Authentication type */
$cfg['Servers'][$i]['auth_type'] = 'cookie';
/* Server parameters */
$cfg['Servers'][$i]['host'] = 'localhost';
$cfg['Servers'][$i]['compress'] = false;
$cfg['Servers'][$i]['AllowNoPassword'] = false;

# 仿照上面这一段可以添加多台主机

/*
 * Second server
 */
$i++;
$cfg['Servers'][$i]['auth_type'] = 'cookie';
/* Server parameters */
$cfg['Servers'][$i]['host'] = 'your.ip.address';
$cfg['Servers'][$i]['compress'] = false;
$cfg['Servers'][$i]['AllowNoPassword'] = false;

# 允许连接远程数据库

sudo vim /var/www/phpmyadmin/libraries/config.default.php

$cfg['AllowArbitraryServer'] = true;

# 配置多服务器

# 将根目录下的config.sample.inc.php复制出一份config.inc.php，可以发现文件中有：

$i = 0;

/**

* First server

$i++;

/* Authentication type */

$cfg['Servers'][$i]['auth_type'] = 'cookie';

/* Server parameters */

$cfg['Servers'][$i]['host'] = 'localhost';

$cfg['Servers'][$i]['compress'] = false;

$cfg['Servers'][$i]['AllowNoPassword'] = false;

# 仿照上面这一段可以添加多台主机

* Second server

$i++;

$cfg['Servers'][$i]['auth_type'] = 'cookie';

/* Server parameters */

$cfg['Servers'][$i]['host'] = 'your.ip.address';

$cfg['Servers'][$i]['compress'] = false;

$cfg['Servers'][$i]['AllowNoPassword'] = false;

效果如下：

通过CentOS 7从零开始学习Linux及常见问题

phpRedisAdmin

cd /var/www
sudo git clone https://github.com/ErikDubbelboer/phpRedisAdmin.git
cd phpRedisAdmin
sudo git clone https://github.com/nrk/predis.git vendor
mv phpRedisAdmin phpredisadmin


cd /etc/nginx/conf.d/
sudo cp laravel.conf phpredisadmin.conf
# 根据Laravel的配置文件进行部分修改即可
server {
  listen       80;
  server_name  phpredisadmin.alan.demo;
  root         /var/www/phpredisadmin;
  index index.php index.html index.htm;
  access_log  /var/log/nginx/phpmyadmin_access.log  alan;
  location / {
    try_files $uri $uri/ /index.php?$query_string;
  }
  location ~ \.php$ {
        include fastcgi_params;
        fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
        fastcgi_index index.php;
        fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
        try_files $uri =404;
  }
}

cd /var/www

sudo git clone https://github.com/ErikDubbelboer/phpRedisAdmin.git

cd phpRedisAdmin

sudo git clone https://github.com/nrk/predis.git vendor

mv phpRedisAdmin phpredisadmin

cd /etc/nginx/conf.d/

sudo cp laravel.conf phpredisadmin.conf

# 根据Laravel的配置文件进行部分修改即可

server {

listen 80;

server_name phpredisadmin.alan.demo;

root /var/www/phpredisadmin;

index index.php index.html index.htm;

access_log /var/log/nginx/phpmyadmin_access.log alan;

location / {

try_files $uri $uri/ /index.php?$query_string;

}

location ~ \.php$ {

include fastcgi_params;

fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;

fastcgi_index index.php;

fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;

try_files $uri =404;

}

访问http://phpredisadmin.alan.demo/

通过CentOS 7从零开始学习Linux及常见问题

Java

Python

Django环境搭建及开发

CentOS 7下通过uWSGI + Nginx部署Django

【Python开发】利用Scrapy开发爬虫

# 安装pip
sudo yum -y install python2-pip
# 设置豆瓣源
mkdir ~/.pip
sudo vim ~/.pip/pip.conf
[global]
timeout = 60
index-url = https://pypi.doubanio.com/simple

# 安装Virtualenv
sudo pip install virtualenv
# 创建虚拟环境
virtualenv alan
# 启动环境
source alan/bin/activate
# 退出环境
deactivate

# 安装Flask
pip install flask
mkdir flask & cd flask

vim index.py

from flask import Flask
app = Flask(__name__)

@app.route('/')
def hello_world():
    return 'Hello World!'

if __name__ == '__main__':
    app.run(host='0.0.0.0')

# nginx配置
sudo vim /etc/nginx/conf.d/flask.conf
server {
        listen 80;
        server_name flask.alan.demo;
        location / {
                proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:5000;
        }
}
systemctl reload nginx
sudo firewall-cmd --add-port 5000/tcp
# 开启服务
python index.py

# 安装pip

sudo yum -y install python2-pip

# 设置豆瓣源

mkdir ~/.pip

sudo vim ~/.pip/pip.conf

[global]

timeout = 60

index-url = https://pypi.doubanio.com/simple

# 安装Virtualenv

sudo pip install virtualenv

# 创建虚拟环境

virtualenv alan

# 启动环境

source alan/bin/activate

# 退出环境

deactivate

# 安装Flask

pip install flask

mkdir flask & cd flask

vim index.py

from flask import Flask

app = Flask(__name__)

@app.route('/')

def hello_world():

return 'Hello World!'

if __name__ == '__main__':

app.run(host='0.0.0.0')

# nginx配置

sudo vim /etc/nginx/conf.d/flask.conf

server {

listen 80;

server_name flask.alan.demo;

location / {

proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:5000;

}

systemctl reload nginx

sudo firewall-cmd --add-port 5000/tcp

# 开启服务

python index.py

此时可以访问http://flask.alan.demo/

Python 3

sudo yum install epel-release -y
sudo yum install python36 -y
sudo yum install python36-setuptools -y
sudo yum install python3-devel -y
sudo easy_install-3.6 pip

sudo yum install epel-release -y

sudo yum install python36 -y

sudo yum install python36-setuptools -y

sudo yum install python3-devel -y

sudo easy_install-3.6 pip

Zabbix

Zabbix及监控知识总结

CentOS 6 上 Zabbix 3.x安装

# https://www.zabbix.com/download
# 添加源
sudo rpm -i http://repo.zabbix.com/zabbix/3.4/rhel/7/x86_64/zabbix-release-3.4-2.el7.noarch.rpm
# 服务端
sudo yum install zabbix-server-mysql zabbix-web-mysql 
# 客户端(测试放在同一台机器上)
sudo yum install zabbix-agent

# 进入MySQL终端
create database zabbix;
exit;

# 导入数据库
cd /usr/share/doc/zabbix-server-mysql-3.4.8/
zcat create.sql.gz | mysql -uroot -p zabbix
# 配置文件（配置DBHost, DBName，DBUser, DBPassword）
sudo vim /etc/zabbix/zabbix_server.conf 
# 启动服务
sudo systemctl start zabbix-server
# Nginx配置
sudo vim /etc/nginx/conf.d/zabbix.conf
server {
  listen       80;
  server_name  zabbix.alan.demo;
  root         /usr/share/zabbix;
  index index.php index.html index.htm;
  access_log  /var/log/nginx/zabbix_access.log  alan;
  location / {
    try_files $uri $uri/ /index.php?$query_string;
  }
  location ~ \.php$ {
        include fastcgi_params;
        fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
        fastcgi_index index.php;
        fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
        try_files $uri =404;
  }
}

# https://www.zabbix.com/download

# 添加源

sudo rpm -i http://repo.zabbix.com/zabbix/3.4/rhel/7/x86_64/zabbix-release-3.4-2.el7.noarch.rpm

# 服务端

sudo yum install zabbix-server-mysql zabbix-web-mysql

# 客户端(测试放在同一台机器上)

sudo yum install zabbix-agent

# 进入MySQL终端

create database zabbix;

exit;

# 导入数据库

cd /usr/share/doc/zabbix-server-mysql-3.4.8/

zcat create.sql.gz | mysql -uroot -p zabbix

# 配置文件（配置DBHost, DBName，DBUser, DBPassword）

sudo vim /etc/zabbix/zabbix_server.conf

# 启动服务

sudo systemctl start zabbix-server

# Nginx配置

sudo vim /etc/nginx/conf.d/zabbix.conf

server {

listen 80;

server_name zabbix.alan.demo;

root /usr/share/zabbix;

index index.php index.html index.htm;

access_log /var/log/nginx/zabbix_access.log alan;

location / {

try_files $uri $uri/ /index.php?$query_string;

}

location ~ \.php$ {

include fastcgi_params;

fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;

fastcgi_index index.php;

fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;

try_files $uri =404;

}

访问http://zabbix.alan.demo/进入Web端安装界面（默认用户名/密码：admin/zabbix），安装中关于PHP的错误在/etc/php.ini中进行修改即可

sudo vim /etc/php.ini
date.timezone = Asia/Shanghai
post_max_size = 32M
max_execution_time = 300
max_input_time = 300
sudo systemctl restart php-fpm

# 备注：语言相关文件/usr/share/zabbix/include/locales.inc.php

sudo vim /etc/php.ini

date.timezone = Asia/Shanghai

post_max_size = 32M

max_execution_time = 300

max_input_time = 300

sudo systemctl restart php-fpm

# 备注：语言相关文件/usr/share/zabbix/include/locales.inc.php

VirtualBox 设置共享文件夹

首先点击菜单栏设备(Devices)>安装增强功能(Insert Guest Additions CD Image…)

以下演示假定本地文件夹为/Users/alan/shared，虚拟机对应文件夹为/home/shared

mkdir /mnt/cdrom
mount /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom
cp -R /mnt/cdrom /usr/local/src/VBoxAdditions
yum install -y gcc gcc-devel gcc-c++ gcc-c++-dvel make kernel kernel-devel bzip2
/usr/local/src/VBoxAdditions/VBoxLinuxAdditions.run install 

# 启用共享文件夹
mkdir /home/shared
mount -t vboxsf Alan /home/shared

mkdir /mnt/cdrom

mount /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom

cp -R /mnt/cdrom /usr/local/src/VBoxAdditions

yum install -y gcc gcc-devel gcc-c++ gcc-c++-dvel make kernel kernel-devel bzip2

/usr/local/src/VBoxAdditions/VBoxLinuxAdditions.run install

# 启用共享文件夹

mkdir /home/shared

mount -t vboxsf Alan /home/shared

Golang

wget https://studygolang.com/dl/golang/go1.12.5.linux-amd64.tar.gz
tar -C /usr/local -xzf go1.12.5.linux-amd64.tar.gz

# vi /etc/profile
export GOROOT=/usr/local/go 
export GOBIN=$GOROOT/bin
export GOPKG=$GOROOT/pkg/tool/linux_amd64 
export GOARCH=amd64
export GOOS=linux
export GOPATH=/go
export PATH=$PATH:$GOBIN:$GOPKG:$GOPATH/bin

source /etc/profile

wget https://studygolang.com/dl/golang/go1.12.5.linux-amd64.tar.gz

tar -C /usr/local -xzf go1.12.5.linux-amd64.tar.gz

# vi /etc/profile

export GOROOT=/usr/local/go

export GOBIN=$GOROOT/bin

export GOPKG=$GOROOT/pkg/tool/linux_amd64

export GOARCH=amd64

export GOOS=linux

export GOPATH=/go

export PATH=$PATH:$GOBIN:$GOPKG:$GOPATH/bin

source /etc/profile

NodeJS

yum install -y gcc-c++ make
curl -sL https://rpm.nodesource.com/setup_10.x | sudo -E bash -
sudo yum install nodejs -y
curl -sL https://dl.yarnpkg.com/rpm/yarn.repo | sudo tee /etc/yum.repos.d/yarn.repo
sudo yum install yarn -y

yum install -y gcc-c++ make

curl -sL https://rpm.nodesource.com/setup_10.x | sudo -E bash -

sudo yum install nodejs -y

curl -sL https://dl.yarnpkg.com/rpm/yarn.repo | sudo tee /etc/yum.repos.d/yarn.repo

sudo yum install yarn -y

开启 BBR 加速

yum update
# 升级内核
sudo rpm --import https://www.elrepo.org/RPM-GPG-KEY-elrepo.org
sudo rpm -Uvh http://www.elrepo.org/elrepo-release-7.0-2.el7.elrepo.noarch.rpm
# 安装内核
sudo yum --enablerepo=elrepo-kernel install kernel-ml -y
# 查看已安装内核
awk -F\' '$1=="menuentry " {print i++ " : " $2}' /etc/grub2.cfg
# 设置为新升级内核
grub2-set-default 0
# 重启服务器
reboot
# 修改sysctl配置
echo 'net.core.default_qdisc=fq' | sudo tee -a /etc/sysctl.conf
echo 'net.ipv4.tcp_congestion_control=bbr' | sudo tee -a /etc/sysctl.conf
sudo sysctl -p
# 查看是否已启用 BBR
sysctl net.ipv4.tcp_available_congestion_control
# 验证
sysctl -n net.ipv4.tcp_congestion_control
# 检查内核模块是否已加载
lsmod | grep bbr
lsmod | grep bbr

yum update

# 升级内核

sudo rpm --import https://www.elrepo.org/RPM-GPG-KEY-elrepo.org

sudo rpm -Uvh http://www.elrepo.org/elrepo-release-7.0-2.el7.elrepo.noarch.rpm

# 安装内核

sudo yum --enablerepo=elrepo-kernel install kernel-ml -y

# 查看已安装内核

awk -F\' '$1=="menuentry " {print i++ " : " $2}' /etc/grub2.cfg

# 设置为新升级内核

grub2-set-default 0

# 重启服务器

reboot

# 修改sysctl配置

echo 'net.core.default_qdisc=fq' | sudo tee -a /etc/sysctl.conf

echo 'net.ipv4.tcp_congestion_control=bbr' | sudo tee -a /etc/sysctl.conf

sudo sysctl -p

# 查看是否已启用 BBR

sysctl net.ipv4.tcp_available_congestion_control

# 验证

sysctl -n net.ipv4.tcp_congestion_control

# 检查内核模块是否已加载

lsmod | grep bbr

常见问题

1. -bash: ifconfig: command not found

在CentOS 6中习惯了使用ifconfig的人会发现在CentOS中默认并不能使用ifconfig，可以使用ip addr进行替代，或者查询对应包并安装

yum search ifconfig
#查询到对应的包名net-tools.x86_64 : Basic networking tools
yum -y install net-tools.x86_64

yum search ifconfig

#查询到对应的包名net-tools.x86_64 : Basic networking tools

yum -y install net-tools.x86_64

2.Failed to start reboot.target: Activation of org.freedesktop.systemd1 timed out

reboot -f

reboot -f

3.Job for nginx.service failed because the control process exited with error code. See “systemctl status nginx.service” and “journalctl -xe” for details.

setenforce 0
或
vim /etc/selinux/config
SELINUX=disabled

setenforce 0

或

vim /etc/selinux/config

SELINUX=disabled

4.Kill 相关进程

如 MySQL卡死，有多条重启进程，可通过如下命令打印出所有 kill 命令然后进行打印

ps -ef|grep mysqld|grep -v grep|awk '{print "kill -9 "$2}'

1	ps -ef\|grep mysqld\|grep -v grep\|awk '{print "kill -9 "$2}'

5、测试当地连接速度

curl -o /dev/null -s -w "time_connect: %{time_connect}\ntime_starttransfer: %{time_starttransfer}\ntime_total: %{time_total}\n" "http[s]://<IP或域名>[:<端口>]"

1	curl -o /dev/null -s -w "time_connect: %{time_connect}\ntime_starttransfer: %{time_starttransfer}\ntime_total: %{time_total}\n" "http[s]://<IP或域名>[:<端口>]"

常用文件

/etc/sysconfig/network(常用来修改主机名)
HOSTNAME

/etc/motd 设置开机欢迎信息(阿里云修改开机信息)

/etc/issue 开机时显示的版本信息

网络设置

SSH

常用命令

常用服务

防火墙

Apache

Nginx

MySQL

Memcached

Redis

Git

PHP

Java

Python

Zabbix

Golang

NodeJS

开启 BBR 加速

常见问题

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