【Python开发】利用Scrapy开发爬虫二

最近在进行爬虫技术的重新学习，本文是对【Python开发】利用Scrapy开发爬虫的补充。

Chrome Driver 下载地址：http://chromedriver.chromium.org/

国内镜像站：https://registry.npmmirror.com/binary.html

Mac 解决权限问题：拷贝到Python 环境的 bin 目录下并在该目录执行命令xattr -d com.apple.quarantine chromedriver

Chrome 启动参数完整列表：https://peter.sh/experiments/chromium-command-line-switches/#load-extension

查看常用 Chrome 页面：chrome://about/

Cookies 实现内容抓取

在进行 Selenium 模拟登录后，可存储 Cookie 并再下一次访问时直接调取 Cookie 进行内存爬取。

更新贴出完整代码（系统 macOS）：

使用 debug 模式启动浏览器后可访问http://127.0.0.1:9000/json进行验证，注意应关闭已打开的浏览器之后再启动

class ZhihuSpider(scrapy.Spider):
    name = 'zhihu'
    allowed_domains = ['www.zhihu.com']
    start_urls = ['https://www.zhihu.com/']
    cookie_path = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))), "cookies/zhihu.cookie")

    def parse(self, response):
        pass

    def start_requests(self):

        from selenium.webdriver.chrome.options import Options
        # 启动浏览器：/Applications/Google\ Chrome.app/Contents/MacOS/Google\ Chrome --remote-debugging-port=9000
        chrome_option = Options()
        chrome_option.add_argument("--disable-extensions")
        chrome_option.add_experimental_option("debuggerAddress", "127.0.0.1:9000")

        browser = webdriver.Chrome(executable_path="/Users/alan/Desktop/demo/chromedriver", chrome_options=chrome_option)
        browser.get("https://www.zhihu.com/signin")
        browser.find_element_by_css_selector(".SignFlow-tabs div:nth-child(2)").click()
        # TODO：先读取 cookies 判断是否仍有效，若无效再执行登录刷新 cookies 文件
        self.login_success(browser)
        self.get_cookies(browser)

        cookies = pickle.load(open(self.cookie_path, "rb"))
        cookie_dict = {}
        for cookie in cookies:
            cookie_dict[cookie["name"]] = cookie["value"]

        return [scrapy.Request(url=self.start_urls[0], dont_filter=True, cookies=cookie_dict)]

    def login_success(self, browser):
        # 判断是否登录，若未登录执行登录
        try:
            # 解决浏览器显示大小的问题 
            browser.maximize_window()
        except:
            pass
        login_success = False
        while not login_success:
            # 通过已登录才会出现的元素判断是否登录成功
            try:
                profile_ele = browser.find_element_by_class_name("AppHeader-notifications")
                login_success = True
            except:
                pass

            if not login_success:
                # 判断是中文验证码还是英文验证码
                try:
                    english_captcha_element = browser.find_element_by_class_name("Captcha-englishImg")
                except:
                    english_captcha_element = None
                try:
                    chinese_captcha_element = browser.find_element_by_class_name("Captcha-chineseImg")
                except:
                    chinese_captcha_element = None

                if chinese_captcha_element:
                    self.chinese_captcha(chinese_captcha_element, browser)
                elif english_captcha_element:
                    self.english_captcha(english_captcha_element, browser)

    def auto_login(self, browser, x=715, y=540):
        # 模拟登录
        user_element = browser.find_element_by_css_selector(".SignFlow-accountInput.Input-wrapper input")
        action_chains = ActionChains(browser)
        action_chains.double_click(user_element).perform()
        time.sleep(0.5)
        user_element.send_keys(ZHIHU_USER)
        pwd_element = browser.find_element_by_css_selector(".SignFlow-password input[name='password']")
        action_chains.double_click(pwd_element).perform()
        time.sleep(0.5)
        browser.find_element_by_css_selector(".SignFlow-password input[name='password']").send_keys(ZHIHU_PWD)
        # m.click(x, y, 1)
        browser.find_element_by_css_selector(".Button.SignFlow-submitButton").click()

    def get_cookies(self, browser):
        # 获取 cookies
        browser.get("https://www.zhihu.com/")
        cookies = browser.get_cookies()
        pickle.dump(cookies, open(self.cookie_path, "wb"))
        cookie_dict = {}
        for cookie in cookies:
            cookie_dict[cookie["name"]] = cookie["value"]

    def chinese_captcha(self, chinese_captcha_element, browser):
        # 获取验证码的坐标位置（相对于浏览区域左上角的位置）
        ele_position = chinese_captcha_element.location
        x_relative = ele_position["x"]
        y_relative = ele_position["y"]
        # 执行 JS 脚本获取浏览器菜单栏+搜索框的位置
        browser_navigation_panel_height = browser.execute_script(
            # 'return window.outerHeight - window.innerHeight' # 未包含浏览电脑顶部的菜单栏
            'return window.screen.height - window.innerHeight'
        )
        base64_text = chinese_captcha_element.get_attribute("src")
        import base64
        code = base64_text.replace("data:image/jpg;base64,", "").replace("%0A", "")
        if code != 'null':
            fh = open("yzm_cn.jpeg", "wb")
            fh.write(base64.b64decode(code))
            fh.close()

            from zheye import zheye
            z = zheye()
            positions = z.Recognize('yzm_cn.jpeg')
            last_position = []

            action_chains = ActionChains(browser)

            if len(positions) >= 2:
                # 修正 x,y 坐标及文字先后顺序
                if positions[0][1] > positions[1][1]:
                    last_position.append([positions[1][1], positions[1][0]])
                    last_position.append([positions[0][1], positions[0][0]])
                else:
                    last_position.append([positions[0][1], positions[0][0]])
                    last_position.append([positions[1][1], positions[1][0]])
                # TODO: 根据图片尺寸和所显示大小的比例进行相关计算
                first_position = [int(last_position[0][0] / 2), int(last_position[0][1] / 2)]  # 屏幕上显示图片为实际尺寸的一半
                second_position = [int(last_position[1][0] / 2), int(last_position[1][1] / 2)]
                time.sleep(1)
                action_chains.move_to_element_with_offset(chinese_captcha_element,first_position[0], first_position[1]).click().perform()
                # m.click((x_relative + first_position[0]), (y_relative + browser_navigation_panel_height + first_position[1]))
                time.sleep(1)
                action_chains.move_to_element_with_offset(chinese_captcha_element, second_position[0], second_position[1]).click().perform()
                # m.click((x_relative + second_position[0]), (y_relative + browser_navigation_panel_height + second_position[1]))
            else:
                last_position.append([positions[0][1], positions[0][0]])
                first_position = [int(last_position[0][0] / 2), int(last_position[0][1] / 2)]
                action_chains.move_to_element_with_offset(chinese_captcha_element, first_position[0], first_position[1]).click().perform()
                # m.click(x_relative + first_position[0], y_relative + browser_navigation_panel_height + first_position[1])
        self.auto_login(browser, 710, 590)

    def english_captcha(self, english_captcha_element, browser):
        base64_text = english_captcha_element.get_attribute("src")
        import base64
        code = base64_text.replace("data:image/jpg;base64,","").replace("%0A", "")
        if code != 'null':
            fh = open("yzm_en.jpeg", "wb")
            fh.write(base64.b64decode(code))
            fh.close()
            # 使用封装的云打码平台进行英文验证，TODO：修改为开源的 OCR 接口识别
            # 知乎的 captcha 应该是经过处理的，目前使用百度 OCR 及tesseract的识别效果均不理想
            from ArticleSpider.utils.yudama_requests import YDMHttp
            yundama = YDMHttp()
            code = yundama.decode("yzm_en.jpeg", 5000, 60)
            while True:
                if code == "":
                    code = yundama.decode("yzm_en.jpeg", 5000, 60)
                else:
                    break

            captcha_element = browser.find_element_by_css_selector('.SignFlow-captchaContainer input[name="captcha"]')
            action_chains = ActionChains(browser)
            action_chains.double_click(captcha_element).perform()
            captcha_element.send_keys(code)
        self.auto_login(browser)

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class ZhihuSpider(scrapy.Spider):

name = 'zhihu'

allowed_domains = ['www.zhihu.com']

start_urls = ['https://www.zhihu.com/']

cookie_path = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))), "cookies/zhihu.cookie")

def parse(self, response):

pass

def start_requests(self):

from selenium.webdriver.chrome.options import Options

# 启动浏览器：/Applications/Google\ Chrome.app/Contents/MacOS/Google\ Chrome --remote-debugging-port=9000

chrome_option = Options()

chrome_option.add_argument("--disable-extensions")

chrome_option.add_experimental_option("debuggerAddress", "127.0.0.1:9000")

browser = webdriver.Chrome(executable_path="/Users/alan/Desktop/demo/chromedriver", chrome_options=chrome_option)

browser.get("https://www.zhihu.com/signin")

browser.find_element_by_css_selector(".SignFlow-tabs div:nth-child(2)").click()

# TODO：先读取 cookies 判断是否仍有效，若无效再执行登录刷新 cookies 文件

self.login_success(browser)

self.get_cookies(browser)

cookies = pickle.load(open(self.cookie_path, "rb"))

cookie_dict = {}

for cookie in cookies:

cookie_dict[cookie["name"]] = cookie["value"]

return [scrapy.Request(url=self.start_urls[0], dont_filter=True, cookies=cookie_dict)]

def login_success(self, browser):

# 判断是否登录，若未登录执行登录

try:

# 解决浏览器显示大小的问题

browser.maximize_window()

except:

pass

login_success = False

while not login_success:

# 通过已登录才会出现的元素判断是否登录成功

try:

profile_ele = browser.find_element_by_class_name("AppHeader-notifications")

login_success = True

except:

pass

if not login_success:

# 判断是中文验证码还是英文验证码

try:

english_captcha_element = browser.find_element_by_class_name("Captcha-englishImg")

except:

english_captcha_element = None

try:

chinese_captcha_element = browser.find_element_by_class_name("Captcha-chineseImg")

except:

chinese_captcha_element = None

if chinese_captcha_element:

self.chinese_captcha(chinese_captcha_element, browser)

elif english_captcha_element:

self.english_captcha(english_captcha_element, browser)

def auto_login(self, browser, x=715, y=540):

# 模拟登录

user_element = browser.find_element_by_css_selector(".SignFlow-accountInput.Input-wrapper input")

action_chains = ActionChains(browser)

action_chains.double_click(user_element).perform()

time.sleep(0.5)

user_element.send_keys(ZHIHU_USER)

pwd_element = browser.find_element_by_css_selector(".SignFlow-password input[name='password']")

action_chains.double_click(pwd_element).perform()

time.sleep(0.5)

browser.find_element_by_css_selector(".SignFlow-password input[name='password']").send_keys(ZHIHU_PWD)

# m.click(x, y, 1)

browser.find_element_by_css_selector(".Button.SignFlow-submitButton").click()

def get_cookies(self, browser):

# 获取 cookies

browser.get("https://www.zhihu.com/")

cookies = browser.get_cookies()

pickle.dump(cookies, open(self.cookie_path, "wb"))

cookie_dict = {}

for cookie in cookies:

cookie_dict[cookie["name"]] = cookie["value"]

def chinese_captcha(self, chinese_captcha_element, browser):

# 获取验证码的坐标位置（相对于浏览区域左上角的位置）

ele_position = chinese_captcha_element.location

x_relative = ele_position["x"]

y_relative = ele_position["y"]

# 执行 JS 脚本获取浏览器菜单栏+搜索框的位置

browser_navigation_panel_height = browser.execute_script(

# 'return window.outerHeight - window.innerHeight' # 未包含浏览电脑顶部的菜单栏

'return window.screen.height - window.innerHeight'

)

base64_text = chinese_captcha_element.get_attribute("src")

import base64

code = base64_text.replace("data:image/jpg;base64,", "").replace("%0A", "")

if code != 'null':

fh = open("yzm_cn.jpeg", "wb")

fh.write(base64.b64decode(code))

fh.close()

from zheye import zheye

z = zheye()

positions = z.Recognize('yzm_cn.jpeg')

last_position = []

action_chains = ActionChains(browser)

if len(positions) >= 2:

# 修正 x,y 坐标及文字先后顺序

if positions[0][1] > positions[1][1]:

last_position.append([positions[1][1], positions[1][0]])

last_position.append([positions[0][1], positions[0][0]])

else:

last_position.append([positions[0][1], positions[0][0]])

last_position.append([positions[1][1], positions[1][0]])

# TODO: 根据图片尺寸和所显示大小的比例进行相关计算

first_position = [int(last_position[0][0] / 2), int(last_position[0][1] / 2)] # 屏幕上显示图片为实际尺寸的一半

second_position = [int(last_position[1][0] / 2), int(last_position[1][1] / 2)]

time.sleep(1)

action_chains.move_to_element_with_offset(chinese_captcha_element,first_position[0], first_position[1]).click().perform()

# m.click((x_relative + first_position[0]), (y_relative + browser_navigation_panel_height + first_position[1]))

time.sleep(1)

action_chains.move_to_element_with_offset(chinese_captcha_element, second_position[0], second_position[1]).click().perform()

# m.click((x_relative + second_position[0]), (y_relative + browser_navigation_panel_height + second_position[1]))

else:

last_position.append([positions[0][1], positions[0][0]])

first_position = [int(last_position[0][0] / 2), int(last_position[0][1] / 2)]

action_chains.move_to_element_with_offset(chinese_captcha_element, first_position[0], first_position[1]).click().perform()

# m.click(x_relative + first_position[0], y_relative + browser_navigation_panel_height + first_position[1])

self.auto_login(browser, 710, 590)

def english_captcha(self, english_captcha_element, browser):

base64_text = english_captcha_element.get_attribute("src")

import base64

code = base64_text.replace("data:image/jpg;base64,","").replace("%0A", "")

if code != 'null':

fh = open("yzm_en.jpeg", "wb")

fh.write(base64.b64decode(code))

fh.close()

# 使用封装的云打码平台进行英文验证，TODO：修改为开源的 OCR 接口识别

# 知乎的 captcha 应该是经过处理的，目前使用百度 OCR 及tesseract的识别效果均不理想

from ArticleSpider.utils.yudama_requests import YDMHttp

yundama = YDMHttp()

code = yundama.decode("yzm_en.jpeg", 5000, 60)

while True:

if code == "":

code = yundama.decode("yzm_en.jpeg", 5000, 60)

else:

break

captcha_element = browser.find_element_by_css_selector('.SignFlow-captchaContainer input[name="captcha"]')

action_chains = ActionChains(browser)

action_chains.double_click(captcha_element).perform()

captcha_element.send_keys(code)

self.auto_login(browser)

为能正常使用 Cookie，需在 settings.py 中进行配置

COOKIES_ENABLED = True
COOKIES_DEBUG = True  # 选择开启

DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES = {
   # 'ArticleSpider.middlewares.ArticlespiderDownloaderMiddleware': 543,
   'scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.useragent.UserAgentMiddleware': 2,
}

USER_AGENT = "User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_14_6) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/77.0.3865.90 Safari/537.36"

COOKIES_ENABLED = True

COOKIES_DEBUG = True # 选择开启

DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES = {

# 'ArticleSpider.middlewares.ArticlespiderDownloaderMiddleware': 543,

'scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.useragent.UserAgentMiddleware': 2,

}

USER_AGENT = "User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_14_6) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/77.0.3865.90 Safari/537.36"

上面这一小段知乎登录的代码还有一些优化空间，中英文验证码都跑通了，为便于阅读源码和使用拆分为了几个方法，在编写过程中我自己的 macOS 对于 PyUserInput的支持似乎发生过变化，发现并不能进行模拟点击操作，后来测试 pynput 等开源的包在执行时都未能达到效果。

最终还是使用selenium自带的ActionChains来进行偏移实现对中文倒立文字的点击，以及双击避免在预填内容之后的重复输入。这样反倒不用在计算时加上浏览器导航以及 macOS 顶部菜单的距离。以上保留了PyUserInput和导航计算相关的代码，或许在其他的电脑上仍可以使用。

无头模式

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.options import Options

chrome_options = Options()
chrome_options.add_argument("--headless")
# 可选设置，用于设置分辨率
chrome_options.add_argument("--window-size=1920,1080") 
# 可选设置，不加载图片，用于提升速度
prefs = {'profile.managed_default_content_settings.images': 2}
chrome_options.add_experimental_option('prefs', prefs)
driver = webdriver.Chrome(chrome_options=chrome_options)

from selenium import webdriver

from selenium.webdriver.chrome.options import Options

chrome_options = Options()

chrome_options.add_argument("--headless")

# 可选设置，用于设置分辨率

chrome_options.add_argument("--window-size=1920,1080")

# 可选设置，不加载图片，用于提升速度

prefs = {'profile.managed_default_content_settings.images': 2}

chrome_options.add_experimental_option('prefs', prefs)

driver = webdriver.Chrome(chrome_options=chrome_options)

知乎文字倒立识别

https://github.com/muchrooms/zheye

下载将zheye放到项目目录下，并安装依赖

代码参见以上chinese_captcha部分

常见问题

1、fake_useragent.errors.FakeUserAgentError: Maximum amount of retries reached

这个问题的解决方案有很多，比如直接下载文件并指定该文件目录(如/home/alan/)：

location = '/home/alan/fake_useragent_%s.json' % fake_useragent.VERSION
self.ua = fake_useragent.UserAgent(path=location)

1 2	location = '/home/alan/fake_useragent_%s.json' % fake_useragent.VERSION self.ua = fake_useragent.UserAgent(path=location)

或直接下载该文件命名为fake_useragent_版本号.json（如fake_useragent_0.1.11.json）到临时目录中（临时目录可通过Python 的内置命令tempfile.gettempdir(）进行获取），这样也就无需再指定 path 参数

对于第二种方法，我们还可以编写一段代码直接在自定义Middleware初始化时自动为我们完成下载工作：

try:
    self.ua = fake_useragent.UserAgent()
except:
    file_name = fake_useragent.settings.DB
    import urllib
    rsp = urllib.request.urlopen(fake_useragent.settings.CACHE_SERVER)
    json_content = rsp.read()
    with open(file_name, 'wb') as f:
        f.write(json_content)

try:

self.ua = fake_useragent.UserAgent()

except:

file_name = fake_useragent.settings.DB

import urllib

rsp = urllib.request.urlopen(fake_useragent.settings.CACHE_SERVER)

json_content = rsp.read()

with open(file_name, 'wb') as f:

f.write(json_content)

值得一提的是，在 macOS 下操作时可能会出现报错

urllib.error.URLError: <urlopen error [SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify failed: unable to get local issuer certificate

1	urllib.error.URLError: <urlopen error [SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify failed: unable to get local issuer certificate

此时执行如下命令再运行即可（其中的3.6可根据具体的版本进行修改）

/Applications/Python\ 3.6/Install\ Certificates.command

1	/Applications/Python\ 3.6/Install\ Certificates.command

其实质是对certifi包进行了安装升级，因此类似下面的命令也可达到相同的效果

python3.6 -m pip install --upgrade certifi

1	python3.6 -m pip install --upgrade certifi

ssl.SSLCertVerificationError: [SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify failed: self signed certificate in certificate chain (_ssl.c:1108)

import ssl
ssl._create_default_https_context = ssl._create_unverified_context

1 2	import ssl ssl._create_default_https_context = ssl._create_unverified_context

2、Chrome version must be between 70 and 73

chromedriver 与本地 Chrome 版本不符，请升级 Chrome 或下载相对应的 chromedriver 版本

下载地址：https://sites.google.com/a/chromium.org/chromedriver/downloads

并将chromedriver文件放到对应的 Python bin 目录下

3、AttributeError: module ‘lib’ has no attribute ‘X509_V_FLAG_CB_ISSUER_CHECK’

python3 -m pip install pip --upgrade
pip install pyopenssl --upgrade

1 2	python3 -m pip install pip --upgrade pip install pyopenssl --upgrade

Cookies 实现内容抓取

无头模式

知乎文字倒立识别

常见问题

Hi，您需要填写昵称和邮箱！